Acid Reflux

Acid reflux is also known as Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) where the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates into the esophagus. This can damage the lining of the esophagus, and acid is the most dangerous part of this regurgitation. It is a chronic condition.

Causes of Acid Reflux

There are many causes of acid reflux which differ between individuals. These relate to the lower esophageal sphincter which may not contract properly; hiatal hernias which change the level of the lower esophageal sphincter; esophageal contractions that do not push refluxed acid back into the stomach, and emptying of the stomach after meals.

Symptoms of Acid Reflux

The symptoms of uncomplicated acid reflux are usually nausea, regurgitation and heartburn. There are further symptoms after complication of the acid reflux. These include ulcers as a reaction to the damage of the esophagus, which can lead to bleeding in the esophagus which may lead to surgical treatments or blood transfusion. Ulcers heal with the formation of scars, and these are known as strictures after they shrink and narrow. This can lead to swallowed food getting stuck in the esophagus, and the narrowing must be widened again.

Severe acid reflux can cause changes in the cells that line the esophagus, which will eventually become cancerous. This condition is known as Barrett’s esophagus and occurs in 10% of cases of acid reflux. Periodic surveillance is available to detect pre-cancerous cells and to start cancer treatment early if required.

Acid reflux also causes unexplained coughing and asthma attacks in those who already have asthma, as well as inflammation and infection of the lungs.

Treatment of Acid Reflux

Acid reflux is most commonly treated by lifestyle changes, especially regarding eating. Smaller meals will lead to less chance of reflux and certain foods that promote reflux (such as chocolate, alcohol and caffeine) should be avoided. Acid reflux at night times is treated by elevating the upper body in bed.