Acquired Hydrocephalus

Acquired hydrocephalus, or hydrocephalus, is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain. It is also known as ‘water on the brain’ although the fluid is actually cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is required for healthy functioning of the brain, but the balance between its production and absorption is extremely important. Certain conditions that block the absorption or flow will result in accumulation of CSF. The pressure against the brain tissue is what causes hydrocephalus.

Congenital hydrocephalus is present at birth and may be due to events during the fetal development. Acquired hydrocephalus specifically affects individuals at all ages, developing at any stage after birth, and can be down to disease or injury.

Hydrocephalus can also be communicating or non-communicating. The former is when the flow of CSF is blocked after it leaves the ventricles. It can still flow between ventricles which remain open. Non-communicating hydrocephalus happens when the blockage occurs in one of the narrow passages connecting the ventricles.

The causes are not well-understood. It can result from genetic abnormalities, developmental disorders, diseases such as meningitis, tumors, head injury and more.

Symptoms of Hydrocephalus

The symptoms of the condition vary depending on the severity, age and other factors. In infancy the most noticeable symptom is rapid increase in the head circumference. Older children and adults experience different symptoms since their skulls can no longer expand to compensate. These include headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, poor coordination, balance problems, irritability, memory loss and more.

Treatment for Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is diagnosed by clinical neurological evaluation and cranial imaging techniques. It is most commonly treated by the surgical insertion of a shunt system which diverts the flow of CFS. Some patients are also able to be treated by a procedure called third ventriculostomy. This uses a small camera that allows the doctor to view the ventricular surface. A tool then makes a hole through which the CSF can bypass the blockage.